Fort Blackmore Volunteer Fire Department, Inc.

S. O. G.’s

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Standard Operating Guidelines

Chapter 18: Emergency Vehicle Operations & Safety

Working Copy | Revised January 2005

Work in Progress | Not Certified by the Chief Officer at this time

S. O. G.’s

August, 2007

The Duties of Drivers are many and varied. It is the intention of this Chapter to outline how Drivers should respond to an incident. While safety is Number One, it is not the intention of this SOG to list, rank, and describe all the duties of fire department drivers as they respond to an incident. Some "common sense" is required. This SOG will try to give priority to what needs to be done and what should be done as the firefighter responds to an incident.

These SOGs are being built to show all Drivers/Firefighters what is expected of them both On and Off the Fire Scene. FBVFD requires its Drivers to attend Emergency Vehicle Driver Training {EVDT} class before they can drive. Training of Drivers will include requirements for maintaining their EVDT certification. Each Driver must know that in order for the Chief Officer to allow them to drive, they must be in compliance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations as they operate an emergency vehicle. NFPA 1002 and 1500 are recognized standards for emergency vehicle drivers, and FBVFD shall try to implement portions of these standards as time continues. This document will also allow future Drivers to see what it is that they need in order to drive. Training is based on the information found in the VFIS Emergency Vehicle Driver Training Program.

Driver Certification is an important aspect of Fort Blackmore VFDs Emergency Vehicles. Certification of all drivers shall be an integral part of Fort Blackmore VFDs Firefighter Training. Actual driving experience, both in emergency and non-emergency settings, will be part of the certification program. Observed performance in the field will also be a part of Recertification. Length of time since Certification shall hopefully not exceed two years. All new emergency vehicles shall be introduced to Drivers and training shall commence on them. New technology in the emergency vehicles shall be learned.

Drivers shall have their Motor Vehicle Records {MRVs} checked through VSP. The Chief Officer shall oversee this check. MRVs shall be checked at least once every three years, or more often if the Driver is asking for Certification to drive an ambulance/First Responder. Copies of each operator license will be placed in the Drivers’ Personnel Jacket, yearly, if possible. In the event of an accident, the Driver will be submitted for Drug/Alcohol Testing. Drivers’ Personnel Jackets will include: [1] Classes Attended, [2] Classes completed for proficiency, [3] Certification, such as EVDT or Roll-Over Class, [4] Licensing: a Check of Drivers’ Driving Records will be done and the date in which it was completed shall be placed in their Personnel Jacket, signed by the Instructor, Chief, or Chief’s appointed Line Officer.

Drivers must realize that most emergency vehicle accidents are driver error, mostly caused by excessive speed.

Drivers’ Responsibilities

When an alarm is received by the Driver, as a volunteer, she/he should try to respond as quickly as possible. The Driver should report to the Station, do his preliminary walk-around, start the vehicle, and prepare to leave. Seatbelts should be worn by all Responders, including the Driver. She/He should speed or break any motor vehicle laws while responding. She/He should drive the speed limit, or a slightly faster speed if road and WX condition permit.; and, whether it is life or property involved, the Driver should use Extreme Caution and Due Regard for civilian drivers and Responders reporting to the Station.. She/He should not EXPECT other drivers to give the right of way simply because she/he is responding to an emergency. The Driver shall use red lights and sirens when responding to a Fire Incident. "Lights and Sirens" are required for emergency traffic, but is not a license to break the law. "Lights and Sirens" are the Driver’s means of aksing for the "right of way". If the right of way is asked, it may not be received. In that case, the Driver may not break the law to get to the Fire Scene {this includes ALL emergency traffic that Fort Blackmore VFD runs}. The Driver must obey all traffic signs and speed-limits. It is better to arrive alive and live to fight fire another day, than be sent to the hospital/morgue. These important points are emphasized below.

When Responding in a Department Vehicle:

Do not break any laws to arrive at the fire hall or the scene

Come to the fire hall to ride the fire truck to the scene

You will be known as the Engineer or OIC {Officer in Charge}

Place your PPE in the vehicle, or put it on. Keep your helmet off until arriving on the scene.

If you arrive late, and your Engine or other Fire Vehicle has already gone "en-route", take your gear and POV to the scene

Park away from the scene; not in the scene

You may use a red light on your POV. It must meet certain standards. Ask your the Chief Officer or Training Officer for help in determining what is a proper POV emergency light.

If you wish to keep your Personal Protective Gear [PPG] in your vehicle, contact your chief.

When arriving at the hall, the Driver will become the AIC, as his/her assigned position, when on-scene. Know your job; do your job. You may be relieved by a higher ranking officer as the AIC and drop back as Engineer.

Other

Key Points to Remember as Driver when Responding in a Department Vehicle:

v Take as many Driving Class opportunities as possible. These will be provided regularly by the Department. Take "EVDT" class each year to refresh your driving skills. Take "Roll Over and Veh. Dynamics" class when it is offered.

v There is never a "routine" emergency.

v If you become too comfortable doing your job, you’re not paying attention.

v Methods that have never failed you before may be grossly negligent. Your attitude is what is going to get other people hurt, including yourself.

v Learn Defensive Driving Habits

Ø Maintain the highest level of safety

Ø Be prepared for the unexpected

Ø There are things out there that may make your day turn very bad

Ø Avoid unnecessary legal battles

§ These legal battles, because of your negligence, can cost you your job, your family, your income, or your life.

Ø Route Planning

§ Know the best way to get to the scene, by studying maps and pre-driving the roads

Ø Know Effecitve Start Up Procedures

§ Do you Circle of Safety "Walk-Around" before pulling out of the Station, or before leaving the Fire Scene.

Ø The Driver has time to do Safety checks as the other Firefighters are donning gear or getting more information from Central Dispatch.

Driving Tasks:

v The Driver must focus on Driving tasks; he/she must

§ Leave your personal problems at home

§ Adjust the cab before leaving the Station (mirror, seat, wheel)

§ Wear your seat belt

§ Look to the Officer to see if everyone is belted in and ready to roll.

v Use the "IPDE" system of Defensive Driving

§ Identify: scan ahead of the vehicle; get the big picture

§ Predict: judge distances, time, and space while driving.

§ Decide: decide on the appropriate course of action.

§ Execute: the Driver executes necessary maneuvers to maintain control of the Vehicle at all times.

v Use the 5 Visual habits of defensive driving:

§ [1] Aim high in steering

§ [2] Get the Big Picture

§ Keep your eyes moving; scan

§ Make sure the other drivers see your emergency vehicle

§ Identify an escape route

v Use your "Lights and Sirens" to

§ [1] notify other drivers that an emergency vehicle is coming and it is in an emergency mode

§ [2] request the other drives to yield the right of way to your emergency vehicle is accordance to VA state law.

v Know these limitations of Emergency Vehicle driving

§ Low sun or glare can greatly reduce the effectiveness of your "red lights"

§ At night, red lights can be confused with traffic lights and neon lights

§ Lights on emergency vehicles that sit high off the road may pass over motorists is the emergency vehicle is too close to the rear of the passenger car ahead.

v Keep Headlights on during Day or Night driving

v Lights and Sirens

§ Use your siren whenever you respond to an emergency call.

§ Change the mode from wail to yelp at least 200’ from an intersection

§ High mode is the least effective siren sound

§ Use air horn, also, using short repeating blasts of the air horn

v Know Rates of Closure may be effected when using Lights and Sirens

§ Emergency Vehicles can outrun their siren

§ Field of view is blocked by large trucks

§ Siren sounds can be misleading as to their direction

§ Hearing impaired drivers may not hear you

§ Loud music, cell phones, kids, stress can all affect the civilian driver

§ The rate of closure of an emergency vehicle on them is too fast and doesn’t allow the civilian enough time to realize there is an emergency vehicle coming.

v Do not break any speed limits

v Do not exceed any cautionary speeds posted along the roadway

v Keep both hands on the wheel

v Keep arms and head inside the vehicle

v Maintain hands at the "3 and 9" or "10 and 3" positions on the wheel

Air Brake Vehicles

v Air brake vehicles

§ Initially press the brake pedal firmly

§ Ease up on the brake as braking continued

§ East the pressure on the brake pedal to avoid jerking when coming to a stop

§ If wheels lock-up, immediately release the brake pedal and steer with the skin.

· Reapply the brake when control has been re-established.

§ Constant braking builds up heat in the brakes, which lead to brake fade.

§ Pac Brake (on Tanker-706), should be applied in accordance to the directions of the manufacturer.

Back Up Procedures

v When backing up:

§ Park so as to minimize the need for backing

§ Give audible notice

§ Use a spotter

§ Understand hand signals

§ Use side mirrors

§ Check the front corners of your vehicle for clearance

§ Maintain speed control

Lane Changes

v Lane Changing:

§ Plan ahead

§ Signal your intentions

§ Practice space management

§ Know your blind spots

§ Make lane changes smoothly

Turning, Passing, Intersections

v Turning

§ Always use your signals to turn or change lanes

§ If turning left, position the emergency vehciel in the left turn lane or in the left lane. Avoid crossing lanes in order to turn. Position the vehicle into the proper lane.

v Passing:

§ Check traffic ahead and behind

§ Check sides and double check blind spots

§ Signal before passing

§ Accelerate while changing lanes

§ Signal before returning to the driving lane

§ Cancel your signal lights

v Intersections:

§ Scan for hazards

§ Observe traffic in all 4 directions

§ Change siren tone within 200 ft

§ Avoid using opposing lane of traffic, if at all possible

§ Do not rely on Lights and Sirens to clear traffic

§ Begin to slow down way before the intersection

§ Cover your brake pedal

§ Come to a complete stop before proceeding into a red light

§ Establish eye contact with other drivers around you

§ Proceed one lane at a time

§ Treat each lane change as an intersection

Night Driving & Bad Weather

Night Driving

Ø Dim dash/cab lights

Ø Reduce speed

Ø Keep headlight and windshield clean

Ø Watch area beyond your headlights

Ø Scan continuously

Bad WX:

Ø Standing water can impact your braking and steering

Ø Snow and ice make driving hazardous

Ø Bridges ice up

Ø Leaves can results in slippery road just as well as rain, ice, or snow

Ø High winds may affect you

Driver Preparation:

Driver Preparation

Ø Prepare through Emergency Vehicle Driver Training, or Roll-Over and Dynamics classes

Ø Be sure this equipment is in working order; if not, contact a Line Officer

§ Windshield

§ Windshield wipers

§ Visors

§ Bug screens and deflectors

§ Headlights

§ Review mirrors

§ Side Mirrors

§ Back-up Lights and Warning Beeper

§ Brakes

§ Engine

§ Cooling equipment

§ Transmission

§ Body

§ Pump and Tank

§ Doors and windows

Crash Avoidance, Placement of Emergency Vehicle

Crash Avoidance

Ø Identify an escape route

§ Watch for crests of hills, meadians, shoulders, always scanning ahead

Ø Brake smoothly and firmly

Ø Accelerate smoothly and rapidly

Ø Steer to avoid a head-on collision

Placement of Emergency Vehicle

v Placement of Emergency Vehicle at Fire Scene

§ Street or Highway

· Position to minimize blinding effect of Red Lights to approaching cars

¨ Some Drivers may wish to cut off their Red Lights while on-scene to keep the "rubber neckers" from driving right into the emergency vehicle, attracted by the lights like a moth to flame

Ø Identify possible hazards

§ Powerlines

§ Ditches and culverts

§ Overhanging trees

Ø Some Drivers may wish to park their vehicle on the street at a diagonal, with the nose of their emergency vehicle pointing towards the shoulder. This allows a better view of the Fire Scene by the Engineer. Also, if the emergency vehicle is rear-ended, it will not be pushed into the scene or knock firefighters down who are in front of the vehicle on the roadway.

Ø The emergency vehicle may be needed at another scene, and egress to the road is important. Don’t get blocked in. Also, the emergency vehicle may need to be moved due to changing conditions at the Fire Scene.

Pre-Trip Inspections

Pre-Trip Inspection Checklist:

The following Pre-Trip Checklist may be used by the Driver when conducting regular inspection of his/her vehicle:

1 Approach Vehicle and look for leaks
2 Look for damage
3 Look for leaning
4 Check under the hood for these on the ground
  Oil
  Coolant
  Grease
  Fuel leaks
5 Engine Oil Level
5 Coolant Level
7 Condition of Hoses
8 Power Steering Fluid Level
9 Belts for tightness and wear
10 Leaks in Engine Compartment
11 Battery Fluid Level
12 Battery Connections
13 ATF fluid level with engine running
14 Start Engine; starts OK
15 Listen for Strange Noises
16 Looks at gauges
17 Oil Pressure OK
18 Ammeter/Voltmeter in range
19 Coolant Temperature
20 Engine Oil Temperature
21 Warning Lights and Buzzers
22 Check Operations of all controls
23 Steering Wheel
24 Accelerator
25 Brakes
26 Parking Brake
27 Service Brake
28 Secondary Brake Systems (PAC, etc.)
29 Transmission
30 Horn
31 Windshield Wiper/Washer
32 Lights, Switches, Indicators
33 Check and adjust mirrors
34 Check headlights, Signal Lights, Warning Lights
35 Check low and high beams
36 Check Parking Lights, Scene Lights
37 Check Turn Signals; Four-Way Flashers
38 Check Hosebed Lights or other working lights
39 Emergency Strobes, Roof Bar
40 Conduct Walk-Around
  Left front tire: tread and condition, inflation
  Right front tire: tread and condition, inflation
  Left rear tires: tread and condition, inflation
  Right rear tires: tread and condition, inflation
  Exhaust
  Doors
  Lamps
  Compartments
  Pump panel: engine controls, pump controls, panel lights and indicators
  Caps, valves, drains, other equipment
41 Check Air Brakes
42 Test low warning sounds
43 Check air build up
44 Test air leak rate
45 Test Park Brake
46 Test Service Brakes

Preventative Maintenance

Preventative Maintenance

Ø A Preventative Program {PM} of regular inspections, adjustment, and replenishment of the Emergency Vehicle should be understood by the Driver.

§ PM should be managed by the Chief Officer

§ A selected Line Officer should be made the Vehicle PM Officer

§ All Drivers should be involved in PM

§ PM should be divided into these primary areas:

· Safety

· Cost

· Operational Effectiveness

· Legal Liability

· Purchasing

§ PM should have 3 levels

· Routine

¨ Fluid level checks

¨ Wheels and tires

¨ Electrical systems and equipment

· Scheduled

¨ Manufacturer’s recommended PM Schedule should be scrutinized by the PM Officer and Drivers

¨ Amount of use the Vehicle gets

Ø Hours of Operation

§ Scheduled PM may be based on the number of hours the emergency vehicle is driven, including emergency road time, stop time or "standing time", and non-emergency traffic

Ø Mileage

§ Odometer numbers should be maintained by the Driver

§ After approximately 2000 miles, routine PM may be done

Ø Fuel Consumption

§ Try to keep a record of fuel mileage, reflecting standing and moving time

§ After each 250 gallons of fuel has been used, a maintenance schedule may be implemented.

· Crisis

¨ Immediate: Class A Crisis Maintenance

Ø Safety: brakes, power steering, other major systems; loss of lighting; tire problems

¨ Incapacitating: Class A Crisis Maintenance

Ø Vehicle does not start or operate correctly.

¨ Expanding: Class A Crisis Maintenance

Ø Any problem that, if left un-fixed, will lead to serious trouble down the road

¨ As Soon As Possible: Class B Maintenance

Ø Serious leaks in fire pump

Ø Wheel trouble

Ø Excessive Dusty Operations

Ø Excessive High Water Operations

¨ With Next PM: Class C Maintenance

Ø Replacement of bulbs, upholstery tears, bad switches, minor fluid leaks

For the Next Update of this SOG:

Ø Items to be included at the next update of this Publication should include, but are not limited to these:

§ Eligibility of Drivers

¨ Age, experience, performance standards

§ Maintaining Emergency Vehicle certifications

§ Recertification Procedures for Existing Drivers

§ Proficiency Driver Training

§ Emergency Response Procedures per type of incident

§ Off Road Emergency Response Procedures

§ Vehicle Inspection/Maintenance Procedures

§ Non-Emergency Travel

§ High Hazard Operational Procedures

§ Inclement Weather Procedures

§ Night Operations

§ Special Location Operations

§ Accident Reporting Procedures

§ Vehicle Malfunction Procedures